{"id":2008,"date":"2015-02-02T15:53:45","date_gmt":"2015-02-02T14:53:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.solidaires-etudiant.org\/?p=2008"},"modified":"2015-02-02T15:53:45","modified_gmt":"2015-02-02T14:53:45","slug":"petite-histoire-du-processus-de-bologne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/solidaires-etudiant-e-s.org\/site\/2015\/02\/02\/petite-histoire-du-processus-de-bologne\/","title":{"rendered":"Petite histoire du processus de Bologne"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Tout commence \u00e0 la Sorbonne \u00e0 Paris en 1998, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du 800eme anniversaire de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Paris, o\u00f9 quatre ministres europ\u00e9ens signent une d\u00e9claration sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur. Ce sont deux rencontres les ann\u00e9es suivantes, que l\u2019on appelle le \u00ab\u00a0Processus de Bologne\u00a0\u00bb et de la \u00ab\u00a0Strat\u00e9gie de Lisbonne\u00a0\u00bb, qui font aujourd\u2019hui date. La premi\u00e8re fut \u00e0 Bologne en Italie en 1999 o\u00f9 29 ministres se rencontrent et produisent une d\u00e9claration (sign\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui par 46 pays, s\u2019\u00e9tendant \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Europe). Le projet initial est l\u2019augmentation du savoir de tous, la facilitation des \u00e9changes europ\u00e9ens, en un mot le d\u00e9veloppement de la citoyennet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 travers la mobilit\u00e9 et la coop\u00e9ration \u2013 circulation des \u00e9tudiants <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2013 et l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la formation<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">L\u2019\u00e9ducation repr\u00e9sente alors la dimension culturelle et scientifique de l\u2019Europe afin de contrebalancer celle \u00e9conomique et bancaire qui se construit. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Avec la deuxi\u00e8me rencontre \u00e0 Lisbonne au Portugal en 2000 qui regroupes les chefs d\u2019Etats Europ\u00e9en (un conseil europ\u00e9en qui ne porte pas uniquement sur l\u2019\u00e9ducation<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a>), les objectifs sont beaucoup plus clairs et c\u2019est alors l\u2019inverse qui est affich\u00e9. L\u2019\u00e9ducation ne doit plus contrebalancer l\u2019Europe \u00e9conomique et favoriser la coop\u00e9ration mais se subordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 elle, adopter ses logiques, c\u2019est le triomphe du n\u00e9olib\u00e9ralisme dans la <span style=\"color: #000000;\">connaissance, qui est appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u00e9conomie du savoir\u00a0\u00bb. Dans la strat\u00e9gie de Lisbonne, transformer l\u2019Europe passe par transformer l\u2019universit\u00e9. Pour r\u00e9ussir une Europe de la connaissance, comp\u00e9titif, il faut une universit\u00e9 \u00e0 cette image. Une Europe concurrentiel mondialement n\u00e9cessite des salari\u00e9s dot\u00e9s de \u00ab\u00a0comp\u00e9tences\u00a0\u00bb, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire qui d\u00e9tiennent des savoirs n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 un moment pr\u00e9cis. La vision alors promus de l\u2019universit\u00e9 est la r\u00e9duction de l\u2019autonomie acad\u00e9mique au profit des \u00ab\u00a0demandes\u00a0\u00bb du monde \u00ab\u00a0socio-\u00e9conomique\u00a0\u00bb. C\u2019est de cette troisi\u00e8me r\u00e9union intergouvernementale dont la fameuse phrase \u00ab\u00a0il s\u2019agit de faire de l\u2019Europe l\u2019\u00e9conomie de la connaissance la plus comp\u00e9titive et la plus dynamique du monde\u00a0\u00bb est issue. Alors que la premi\u00e8re conf\u00e9rence relev\u00e9e de principe humaniste et progressiste, la seconde adopte clairement une nouvelle vision de l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur.<\/span><i> <\/i><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Alors que dans le \u00ab\u00a0processus de Bologne\u00a0\u00bb c\u2019\u00e9tait le d\u00e9veloppement de la culture, du civisme, d\u2019\u00e9changes intellectuels mit en avant, c\u2019est remplac\u00e9s par la formation d\u2019une main d\u2019\u0153uvre en fonction des transformations \u00e9conomiques et des besoins du monde du travail, et d\u2019une recherche devant avoir une valeur marchande imm\u00e9diate dans la \u00ab\u00a0strat\u00e9gie de Lisbonne\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">La concurrence est la solution avanc\u00e9e par les r\u00e9formateurs pour devenir comp\u00e9titif. Pour r\u00e9ussir cette comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 de l\u2019Europe (nouveau dogme), il faut alors harmoniser les diff\u00e9rents syst\u00e8mes d\u2019enseignements sup\u00e9rieurs pour faire un espace universitaire unifi\u00e9, \u00ab\u00a0un march\u00e9 europ\u00e9en\u00a0\u00bb. Hormis que ce sont dans les d\u00e9clarations de ces grandes r\u00e9unions que le discours est visible, ce sont dans ces r\u00e9unions et diff\u00e9rents rapports produits par l\u2019Europe<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> que s\u2019\u00e9labore les grandes lignes des r\u00e9formes nationales tel la r\u00e9gionalisation, l\u2019augmentation du pouvoir des directions d\u2019\u00e9tablissements, la dualisation des cycles universitaires (licence d\u2019un cot\u00e9, master et doctorat de l\u2019autre), financement par les entreprises et les \u00e9tudiants de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la conversion des enseignements en cr\u00e9dit capitalisable pouvant \u00eatre obtenu en dehors de l\u2019ESR. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Entre 1999 et 2009, Bologne\/Lisbonne s\u2019est appliqu\u00e9, \u00e0 vitesses vari\u00e9es, dans la totalit\u00e9 des pays signataires. Cela s\u2019est fait en une ou deux fois seulement dans la plupart des pays Europ\u00e9ens. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019autonomie financi\u00e8re est install\u00e9e de longue date (au moins 5 ans), tous les frais d\u2019inscriptions ont bondi (<\/span><\/span><i>11000 euros au Royaume-Unis, 2000 en Italie, 1000\u00a0 en Espagne &#8211; ce sont les frais d&rsquo;inscriptions minimums<\/i><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">). En France cela commence dans certaines universit\u00e9s (Paris 2) mais reste encore largement peu \u00e9lev\u00e9s et contr\u00f4l\u00e9s par l\u2019Etat. Ce sont dans les \u00e9coles et diverses structures priv\u00e9s que les frais d\u2019inscriptions sont importants. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\" lang=\"fr-BE\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><sup>\u0002<\/sup> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ce discours progressiste de la part des r\u00e9formateurs afin d\u2019enrober les nouvelles logiques qu\u2019ils imposent se retrouvera tout du long, et se d\u00e9clinera aussi nationalement.<\/span> Il suffit de penser aux discours de la Ministre actuelle G. Fioraso justifiant sa r\u00e9forme par la lutte contre l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9chec\u00a0\u00bb en premier ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\" lang=\"fr-BE\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><sup>\u0002<\/sup> La strat\u00e9gie de Lisbonne vise \u00e0 transformer profond\u00e9ment les Etats europ\u00e9ens, et les doter d\u2019un nouveau mod\u00e8le social.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\" lang=\"fr-BE\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" name=\"sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a><sup>\u0002<\/sup> Le rapport Attali command\u00e9 par le Ministre de l\u2019Education et de la Recherche publi\u00e9 le 5 mai 1998, vingt jours avant la rencontre de la Sorbonne avec pour nom <i>Pour un mod\u00e8le Europ\u00e9en d\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur <\/i>est assez illustratif. Il comprend tout les grandes lignes qui existeront dans les lois, tel les PRES* s\u2019appelant alors les P\u00f4les Universitaires Provinciaux.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tout commence \u00e0 la Sorbonne \u00e0 Paris en 1998, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","col-md-4 col-sm-4"],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Solidaires \u00e9tudiant-e-s","author_link":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Petite histoire du processus de Bologne - Solidaires \u00e9tudiant-e-s<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/solidaires-etudiant-e-s.org\/site\/2015\/02\/02\/petite-histoire-du-processus-de-bologne\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Petite histoire du processus de Bologne - 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